Subsurface voids pose significant risks to geotechnical integrity. Accurately mapping these voids is crucial for ensuring the security of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole analysis, can be time-consuming and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground electrical resistivit
Cavity characterization plays a significant role in geotechnical design processes. A thorough understanding of cavity dimensions and features is essential for effectively assessing the potential impact on infrastructure . Geotechnical engineers utilize multiple techniques to characterize cavities, including geophysical surveys . These methods prov
Geophysical exploration utilizes a crucial role in the identification and evaluation of potential mineral deposits. By employing various physical methods, geologists can survey beneath the Earth's surface to localize subsurface structures and signatures indicative of mineral richness. These geophysical techniques often involve the measurement of p